THOUGHTS ON THE DEVIL’S BROOD

Penman

Henry and Eleanor’s fourth son was born on September 23rd in 1158. He was christened Geoffrey, after his grandfather, and from an early age, was destined to rule over Brittany through his marriage to the heiress, Constance. He is the forgotten son, ignored by historians and novelists alike, probably because he was the only one of the Devil’s Brood never to wear a crown. Readers of my books and blogs know that Geoffrey is my personal favorite of the brothers, and I was very gratified when so many people felt that Geoffey was the most intriguing character in Devil’s Brood. I’ve often recommended Judith Everard’s book, Brittany and the Angevins, for anyone interested in learning more about Geoffrey, Constance, and Brittany; I honestly do not think I could have written Devil’s Brood without it. Or if I did, it would have been a different book and a different Geoffrey, for she brought his Breton career into focus, showing us why he did what he did and totally repudiating the ridiculous notion that he acted from “mindless malice,” as one reputable historian once claimed.

Geoffrey seems to have thrived on challenges. Wedding a woman hostile to the Angevins, he managed to win Constance over, and they had a good marriage. How do we know? For one thing, they were usually together; she was frequently at Geoffrey’s side, both within and outside the duchy, convincing evidence that they enjoyed each other’s company. And Geoffrey shrewdly involved Constance in the governance of Brittany, thus avoiding what I see as one of Henry’s greatest marital mistakes, failing to make use of Eleanor’s keen political skills or to recognize that Aquitaine was as dear to her heart as Anjou was to his. Constance’s biographer in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography describes her forced marriage to the Earl of Chester after Geoffrey’s death as follows: “In contrast to her first marriage, this appears to have been an unhappy and loveless affair.” Geoffrey was equally successful in gaining the support of the suspicious Breton barons, no easy feat, and during his five year reign of the duchy, he showed himself to be a worthy if flawed son of two very gifted, flawed parents.

What were Geoffrey’s flaws? I don’t fault him for his rebellions against his father. He was only fifteen at the time of the Great Rebellion, and I think his age exonerates him under the circumstances. And he did not ally himself with the French king until Henry’s mind games had pushed him to that point; it is hard to blame him for resenting the way his father withheld two-thirds of Constance’s rightful inheritance as a means of keeping Geoffrey on a tight leash.

So what do I fault Geoffrey for? The answer is one that would have surprised me fifteen years ago. When I began to do serious research for Devil’s Brood, the last thing I expected to find was that Richard would prove to be the brother most sinned against. Given his reputation for aggression, I’d assumed that he’d been to blame for his constant strife with his brothers. But I was wrong. It was Hal who connived with the lords of Poitou to usurp Richard’s duchy, and Geoffrey threw in with him. If Henry hadn’t come to Richard’s rescue, they might have succeeded, too. Several years later, when Henry had an inexplicable “Becket moment” and foolishly told seventeen year old John that Aquitaine was his if he could take it from Richard, it was Geoffrey who provided the money and the men-at-arms for John’s ill-fated invasion. Richard defended himself, but did not strike back at Geoffrey until Henry had refused to punish the culprits. And the pattern held in Richard’s relationship with his youngest brother, John. He seems to have blamed Geoffrey more than John, and once he was king, he provided generously for John. With wonderful perversity, he scorned the men who’d deserted Henry in his last desperate months and rewarded those who’d stayed loyal to the bitter end—with one exception—John. John paid no price for betraying his father, instead got the wealthy heiress Henry had promised but never delivered, and an income of four thousand pounds a year. John, of course, repaid his brother by doing all in his power to make sure Richard rotted in a German dungeon.

I’ve sometimes joked that writing of the Angevins is like watching one of those horror films in which the foolish teenagers insist upon going down alone into the cellar even as the audience is screaming, “No! Don’t go!” I was constantly trying to nudge my characters back onto the straight and narrow. Is this rebellion really a good idea, Eleanor? Are you sure you want to crown Hal in your lifetime, Henry? Why can’t you see that Geoffrey and Richard are very different from Hal and that the only thing worse from not learning from your mistakes is learning the wrong lessons? Richard, can’t you cut your father a little slack? Geoffrey, why must you go out of your way to poison your relationship with your brother Richard? Hal…where to begin with Hal? Or John, for that matter.

Above all, I wish I could have sat Henry and Eleanor down and showed them that parental mistakes can be forgiven, parental sins cannot—and they were guilty of two very serious sins. They had obvious favorites; with Eleanor, it seems to have been Richard, and with Henry, it was Hal and then John, with Geoffrey as neglected by his parents as he would later be by historians. And they failed to instill a sense of family solidarity, to teach their sons to care for one another. I find it very sad. Her brothers rallied around her when their sister Tilda followed her husband into exile, and Richard raised holy hell on Joanna’s behalf when she found herself in dire straits after her husband’s sudden death. But I suspect that if one of their brothers were drowning, the others would have thrown him an anchor as a lifeline. And it is hard not to blame Henry and Eleanor for that. I was recently discussing the Marriage from Hell that Henry’s parents had endured, pointing out that it had gotten off to such a rocky start that the union was probably doomed, and as much as I sympathized with Maude—forced into a marriage she never wanted—I can’t absolve her of blame, for when they wed, Geoffrey was fifteen and she was twenty-six. In other words, she was the adult. So were Henry and Eleanor.

One last thought about this dramatically dysfunctional family. I’ve always dismissed that theory espoused by the French historian, Philip Aries, that medieval parents did not allow themselves to become emotionally invested in their children, supposedly because the child mortality rate was so high. I think that is ridiculous, for the sources are filled with heartrending examples of parental love or grief. It is true that Edward I and his queen seem to have been more devoted to each other than to their children. But I do not believe they were typical of their times. Henry’s love for his children was raw and real and there is no reason to doubt Eleanor when she told Pope Celestine that not a day passed that she did not mourn Hal and Geoffrey. And her grieving for Richard bleeds through the formal language of the charters she issued after his death. Whatever their failings as parents, they loved their children. Sadly, it was not enough.

Lastly, there is still time to enter the second Devil’s Brood book giveaway; just post a comment on the blog titled “Richard and Ragusa,” and when I return from the book tour, I’ll send a signed copy to the winner of the drawing.

September 28, 2011

.

85 thoughts on “THOUGHTS ON THE DEVIL’S BROOD”

  1. Eleanor and Henry have been two of favorites for a long time. But your books about them bring them to life. thank you . After reading all your books I feel like I am part of their family ,….. from far far away, the only safe place.. I also have a soft spot for Geoffery.
    Thank you again for writing these great book for us to enjoy.
    Sharon Ortega.

  2. Wow Sharon, I think you outdid yourself with this blog. I loved it, more so because I just finished Devil’s Brood (again) a week ago. Can’t wait to see you next week!!

  3. I have to agree with whoever it was was talking to Maude in When Christ and His Saints Slept…she should have been able to wind Geoffrey around her little finger. When I was fifteen, a lovely twenty-six-year-old woman could have had me eating out of her hand, and I doubt Geoffrey was that different.

  4. I think another virtue/fault (interesting how that goes!) of Geoffrey that so very clearly comes through the book is the relationship between him and Constance. On the one hand, Sharon, you wrote very tenderly of their relationship, and definitely showed some human emotions between the “son of perdition” and the heiress of Brittany. It’s a virtue that Geoffrey held such strong feelings towards his wife, given especially the behavior of his father and of lords in general at the time. His grievances regarding Nantes and Richmond were legitimate (in theory, if not in practice), which gives him some leeway (at least where I’m concerned).
    At the same time, I could see his relationship with Constance as a fault in that it terminally poisoned, in effect, his relationship with his father. Granted Henry did Geoffrey no favors in that department, and treating Geoffrey and Richard like he treated Hal isn’t the wisest course of action, but at times it felt that Constance was silently encouraging this breach between father and son to derive the most benefit for Brittany (all the while seemingly working for Geoffrey’s “benefit.” Everything that Geoffrey did that I (Ricardian as I am) disapprove of seemed to have the stanmp of approval from Constance, and that definitely colored my view of her and Geoffrey.
    I guess that is the point, though. Geoffrey is a mysterious character, which usually entails that he was a deeply complex person, and the complexities were wonderfully protrayed in the book, and presents a picture of Geoffrey that is still easy to oppose, but is more palatable to humanize. Wonderful!

  5. I don’t think I was ever able to understand the Great Rebellion, what was behind it and what led Eleanor and her sons to rebel until I read THE DEVIL’S BROOD. And Judith Everard’s book not only details Geoffrey’s rule as duke of Brittany, both before and after his marriage, but gives the history of the duchy and its previous governance. It was remarkable what Geoffrey accomplished.

  6. I don’t think I was ever able to understand the Great Rebellion, what was behind it and what led Eleanor and her sons to rebel until I read THE DEVIL’S BROOD. And Judith Everard’s book not only details Geoffrey’s rule as duke of Brittany, both before and after his marriage, but gives the history of the duchy and its previous governance. It was remarkable what Geoffrey accomplished.

  7. Here is today’s Facebook Note, The Wonder of the World and an unhappy king.
    I’d like to thank Nan Hawthorne for mentioning on her wonderful website Today in Medieval History that the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II was excommunicated by the Pope for failing to go on crusade on September 29, 1227. From what I know of Frederick, I doubt that he was greatly troubled; he would set some sort of record by being excommunicated four times, which either ties or beats Henry II’s most notorious ancestor, Fulk Nerra. Frederick would later infuriate the Pope by going on crusade as an excommunicate and negotiate the return of Jerusalem. He did not get much credit for this; he was so loathed by the papacy that one of them even called him the “Anti-Christ.” I suspect that amused him, for he was as close to a religious skeptic as we are likely to find in the MA. He was called Stupor Mundi—the wonder of the world—and remains an intriguing, enigmatic figure, obviously brilliant, a gifted linguist and author, but not a man I find sympathetic. He treated his wives badly, with the possible exception of the first, and was as capable of cruelty as any of his contemporary rulers. There seems to have been a coldness at his core that I find off-putting, an icy intellectualism that crippled his ability to feel true empathy, possibly due to his rather traumatic childhood. It was claimed that he experimented on people to satisfy his scientific curiosity; for example, it was said that he had children raised in isolation to see if they would instinctively develop a language of their own. I honestly do not know if these stories are true; there is no doubt that the Church was fiercely hostile and I am sure some of the more lurid stories told of him are false. He is undeniably one of the most interesting men of the MA, but I certainly would not have wanted to be married to the man!
    And on this date in 1339, King Richard II was forced to abdicate by his cousin, Bolingbroke, the future Henry IV, thus laying the seeds for the Wars of the Roses. I don’t think Richard was a very good king; it is rather sad to reach your peak at age 14, for it is all downhill from there. But he was the inspiration for my favorite Shakespeare play, Richard II, which is—IMHO—the most lyrical of his works.
    I

  8. Ms. Penman:
    Love your postings and comments from your readers. I appreciate the references to other works; allows me to dig further and deeper into material, enriching my understanding of the characters and times of which you write.
    I’ve pre-ordered “Lionheart” and cannot wait for it to arrive!
    Thanks for all your writings!

  9. Sharon,
    I still like the versions on Henry, Eleanor, Richard, Geoffrey, and John from the Lady Moppet adventures. There’s a little bit of humour there.
    Dave

  10. Thank you, Debra; that is a lovely compliment.
    I thought the Lady Moppet adventures were hilarious, Dave. I get the Angevins would, too. Whatever their faults and they were legion, they all had a good sense of humor. Well, we can’t be sure about Hal.

  11. This is Banned Books Week. Here is a list of the most banned classics. It is truly eye-opening. The link also lists other banned books. As far as I know, none of mine have been banned–at least so far!
    1. The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald 2. The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D.
    3. The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck 4. To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee
    5. The Color Purple, by Alice Walker 6. Ulysses, by James Joyce
    7. Beloved, by Toni Morrison 8. The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding
    9. 1984, by George Orwell 10. Lolita, by Vladmir Nabokov (tied for 10)
    11. Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck (tied for ten)
    Read more: http://www.care2.com/causes/banned-books-week-is-coming-name-your-favorite.html#ixzz1ZRkm4sAe

  12. Just about the time you think it can’t get worse, it does!!!
    How many more classics will they ban? I guess as long as they don’t get into the rare books in the libraries and destroy things like the Gutenburg Bible, we should be happy. It really does sound like we are being forced into another Dark Ages. Sorry, Sharon, but when it comes to literature and books I can’t help but get upset.
    Whatever became of freedom of speech and freedom of the press?

  14. I am reading Devil’s Brood again, and just finished Hal’s death scene. In your Author’s Note, you state you have much more information regarding details in the book that you would share on your blog, including the causes of death for Hal and Henry. I have searched your blog, but didn’t find this information. Did you ever get to writing this information here? Thank you!

  15. I am fairly sure I mentioned it from time to time in various blogs, Linda. Hal died of dysentery, what they called the bloody flux. It was a dreaded killer in the MA; there were two kinds, one that struck individuals and another that was epidemic. The latter often decimated army camps. It is believed that Henry died of septicemia, based in part on what he told William Marshal about his symptoms. But his health seems to have failed him in the last year, for he also suffered from a fistula and possibly an ulcer. It is almost as if his body was paying him back for all those years of abuse. He was always a sparing eater and drinker; Giraldus Cambrensus claimed that he had a horror of gaining weight. But he was in the saddle from dawn till dusk, was famed for the speed of his campaigns. The French king once sourly remarked that he could almost believe Henry knew how to fly. He also spent hours hunting, so he was constantly pushing himself. He also suffered from what I deduced was chronic osteomylitis after being kicked in the thigh of a horse in 1174.

  16. Great blog article Sharon. Impatiently awaiting Richard’s continuing story in LIONHEART. I go thru “Angevin withdrawal” when finishing your books.
    Thanks for the Judith Everart suggestion, I love to read about the surprising role certain MA women had on governance, etc (usually subtle, behind the scenes, little reported…but real and influential within the family relationship).
    I, too, pulled out BROOD to reread sections on Geoffrey and Constance… with new perspective.
    Trish

  17. Today, Mary I of England was crowned, Henry III [IV] of England was born, and a personal favorite, unconnected to England or Sharon’s novels: Alexander of Macedon won his greatest victory over the Persian Empire in the Battle of Gaugamela.
    Sharon, I always wondered about Richard’s attitude towards John in comparison tot he rest of those who abandoned Henry. He certainly didn’t do it out of brotherly love. But to my mind, he did it out of family sympathy – the same reason Geoffrey allied with Hal and later John. They all suffered under Henry’s regard, and his lack of it. I think Richard could see in John the same youth he once was, realizing his father would keep all the power until he died. And since Henry was actually dying, and still not giving John what he was promised – well, that would have hit hard.

  19. What a great interview! Count me in as one of your readers who’s looking forward to learning about Balian and following his story.

  20. Today, Jerusalem under Balian of Ibelin surrendered to Saladin, ending the Siege of Jerusalem, and Richard III was born at Fotheringhay Castle.

  21. Here is today’s Facebook Note.
    Yesterday, Henry III was born in 1207; he was not a good king, though he was a loving father and devoted husband, and of course he left a marvelous legacy–Westminster Abbey. Today Richard III was born in 1452. And Jerusalem surrendered to Saladin on this date in 1187, after Balian d’Ibelin had convinced him to accept ransom payments for the citizens of the city rather than taking it by storm as he’d first threatened in retaliation for the massacre that had occurred when Jerusalem had fallen during the First Crusade. They used the money given by Henry II to defend the kingdom to pay the ransom–10 gold bezants for a man, five for a woman,and three for a child. There was not enough money to ransom all and some of the poor were sold into slavery, but most were spared. There were acts of greed; the Patriarch of Jerusalem was said to have left the city with silver plate and gold that could have been used to save more of the poor. There were acts of kindness, too. Saladin’s brother, al-Malik al-Adil, asked him for 100 of the poorer citizens and then freed them. Saladin also freed a number as a gesture of respect for Balian. There was no bloodbath, as had occurred during the First Crusade. Even more than the battle of Hattin, this was the event that triggered the Third Crusade. The Archbishop of Tyre was sent to seek the aid of Christian princes, his ship’s sails dyed black as a symbol of mourning. Readers of Devil’s Brood may remember how he trapped Henry and Philippe, reluctant crusaders both, into taking the cross after preaching a fiery public sermon that left the two kings no real choice. He shows this same masterful eloquence in Lionheart, too….which most of you can begin reading in three days.

  22. Sharon,
    You forgot to mention in your September 29th post that by forcing Richard II to abdicate in 1399, and giving supporting a favourite(Lord Ruthun), Henry Bolingbroke caused the revolt of Owain Glyndwr. Which I hope you are still planning on writing about one day.
    Dave

  23. And today, Dafydd ap Gruffydd, prince of Gwynedd, became the first nobleman executed by being hanged, drawn and quartered.

  24. Here is today’s Facebook Note, The Last Welsh Prince.
    I was just about to post something, and you beat me to it, Christine. I love having such well informed readers! October 3rd is always a day with a shadow cast over it for me. It was also a great challenge to write that scene in The Reckoning as Davydd tried to come to terms with the fact that in the morning he’d be put to death in a truly barbaric fashion, one meant to prolong his suffering as long as humanly possible. There was at least one other man known to have been drawn and quartered before Davydd, but after his execution, Edward I made it SOP for putting “traitors” to death. I put the word in quotes for Davydd was a Welsh prince, not an English vassal….and yes, I know he held lands in England. So what? His fate was too important to be reduced to a legal technicality. Edward had him executed as an object lesson for future rebels; most people don’t know that waging war against the king was not a crime in medieval England–not until Edward chose to make it one and classified it as high treason. Think of all the lords who’d rebelled against Henry II in the course of his long reign. Not only did nary a one ever see the inside of a dungeon, Henry even overlooked the fact that the hot-headed Earl of Leicester even drew his sword on the king. Edward, of course, lacked Henry’s humanity. And Davydd was more vulnerable than most rebels; there were no executions after Evesham, were there? But then the executions at Evesham took place on the field, with even the squires being slain.
    Davydd was a wonderful–and controversial–character to write about. He must have had considerable charm, or else his brother and others would not have kept forgiving him as they did. Some of my readers (you know who you are!) have taken him very much to heart; others detest him for setting in motion the events that would destroy his brother and Welsh independence. I was faced with one of my greatest writing challenges in Davydd’s execution. My mother warned me that if I dramatized the full extent of the horrors he endured, I was out of the will! And I admit I was not eager to dwell upon it myself. But I could hardly gloss it over. My solution was to focus upon Davvydd’s mental suffering rather than his physical pain, hence the scene in his dungeon the night before his execution. Occasionally I face a particular scene or chapter with some trepidation, knowing it could so easily go wrong. Henry II’s penance scene at Canterbury Cathedral was one such chapter, though once I started listening to Henry’s inner voice, it all came together for me, and I was very gratified that the Canterbury scene turned out to be the one most praised by my edtiors and readers. Such was the case with Davvyd. I was not sure if it would work, but once I began, it all but wrote itself. Say what you will of Davydd, he died courageously–and still in his brother’s shadow. He was the last-born Prince of Wales, but it is Llywelyn whom the Welsh call Ein Llyw Olaf–Our Last Leader.

  26. And today, the ill starred princess of France, Alys, Countess of the Vexin was born, who would be betrothed to Richard, (supposedly) end up in bed with Henry II, and finally offered to John. Few know this piece of irony – despite all her travails, she still was ancestress to a King of England. She married William IV Talvas, Count of Ponthieu, and had three daughters. One of them, Marie, Countess of Ponthieu, gave birth to Joan, Countess of Ponthieu, who gave birth to Eleanor of Castile, Queen of England, and mother of Edward II of England. Thus, she was great-great-grandmother to Edward II.

  27. Dear Ms. Penman,
    I would like to thank you for such an interesting portrait of Geoffrey. After publication of Devil’s Brood nobody will ever think of him as of the ignored son, I hope. I haven’t read the book yet but your note is enough to make me think so.
    Am I right to guess that the fact that he had been so utterly forgotten made you take a particular care of him? A kind of maternal instinct perhaps?
    You have also encouraged me to take a look at Judith Everard’s book. This is exactly what I am going to do. I am going to read them both: the latter and The Devil’s Brood.
    My own field of interest is rather Henry the Young King’s story but after reading your note on Devil’s brood I find Geoffrey’s story equally intriguing.
    I have read only Time and Chance so far. I came across it by chance.
    I hope that I am not the only one in Poland to read your books:-)
    Greetings from Poland.

  28. Thanks for providing such an excellent article, it was outstanding and quite informative. It is my first time that I pay a visit to here. I discovered lots of informative stuff within your post. Maintain it up. Thank you.

  31. I’ve learn a few excellent stuff here. Certainly worth bookmarking for revisiting. I wonder how so much attempt you place to create this sort of wonderful informative website.

  33. There’s apparently a bunch to realize about this. I would love to thank you for that efforts you have complete in writing this nice article. I’m hoping the same top work from you in the future as well.

  34. Hello, Neat post. There’s a problem together with your website in web explorer, may test this¡K IE still is the market leader and a big section of other folks will pass over your fantastic writing because of this problem.

  35. I’m writing to make you be aware of what a fabulous encounter my cousin’s girl experienced browsing yuor web blog. She even learned a wide variety of pieces, with the inclusion of what it is like to possess an amazing coaching mindset to let a number of people very easily gain knowledge of several hard to do issues. You actually exceeded her desires. I appreciate you for displaying the practical, trusted, educational and even easy guidance on that topic to Janet.

  36. Hi, Neat post. There is an issue together with your site in web explorer, could test this… IE still is the marketplace leader and a large part of other folks will pass over your wonderful writing because of this problem.

  37. A person necessarily assist to make severely articles I’d state. That is the very first time I frequented your web page and up to now? I surprised with the research you made to make this actual publish incredible. Magnificent process!

  38. Hooray! I’m so glad to have found this post. I finished ” Devil’s Brood” yesterday and have been looking on your website for the promised extra bits of the author’s note and was thrilled to find what appears to be part of this.
    I greatly enjoy your books – so far I’ve read all four Justin de Quincy books, Time and Chance, The Sunne in Splendor, and Devil’s Brood.
    Hope your 2013 is wonderful!

  39. There are lots and lots of casino software available in the market. Each one is genuine and unique of its description. They are Micro gaming, Parlay, Real-time Gaming, Boss Media, Rival, Vegas Technology, Parlay, and Crypto logic. There is even many more casino software which differs in their cost and the technology adopted.

  40. Ultimately FavsPro is a perfect Android plans inside the utility assists on your own to refreshing the other components of a image upon your Android cell phone. Taking the style of software program that is not firms come to be alternatively hard yourself can contain a superior experience. This is a cost-free Android application, yourself can download towards the formal website.

  42. Get lots of great snacks on your own and your family when
    you look to making your dreams come true if you actually reach attend the globe cup.
    Brazil real-estate seemed to become thriving inside the the recent past because in the less expensive prices, in comparison to house costs in the United
    States and a lot of European nations. At the 1978 Cup, your home country —the southermost nation of Latin America— finished first after having a surprise loss to
    Italy (1-0) as well as a controversial match against Peru.

  43. Good day I am so delighted I found your blog page, I really
    found you by accident, while I was browsing on Google
    for something else, Nonetheless I am here now and would just like
    to say thanks for a fantastic post and a all round thrilling blog (I also love the theme/design), I don’t have time
    to look over it all at the moment but I have saved it and also added in your RSS feeds, so when I have time
    I will be back to read more, Please do keep up the fantastic
    b.

  44. Howdy! I could have sworn I’ve visited this website before
    but after browsing through many of the articles I realized it’s
    new to me. Anyways, I’m definitely happy I discovered it
    and I’ll be bookmarking it and checking back often!

  45. Right here is the right website for everyone who would like to find
    out about this topic. You understand a whole lot its almost hard to argue with you (not that I personally would want to…HaHa).
    You certainly put a fresh spin on a topic which has been written about for many years.
    Great stuff, just excellent!

  46. Weihnachtsbäume ist eine Sammlung von vier
    Weihnachtsbaum Bürsten für den Einsatz in alle Urlaubs Designs .
    um noch mehr Einfachheit, ein Pre Lit Version der Baum hinzuzufügen, ist auch erhältlich nächstes instractables diesem Tutorial lernen Sie, wie Klebeband verwenden,
    um einen Tannenzapfen Art Ornament machen, um aus Ihrem Urlaub Baum hängen

  47. My partner and I absolutely love your blog and find a lot of your
    post’s to be precisely what I’m looking for.
    Would you offer guest writers to write content to suit your needs?
    I wouldn’t mind writing a post or elaborating on a
    few of the subjects you write related to here.
    Again, awesome website!

  48. I do not know whether it’s just me or if everyone else encountering issues with your
    website. It appears like some of the text on your posts are running off the screen.
    Can somebody else please comment and let me
    know if this is happening to them too? This may be a problem with my browser because I’ve had this happen previously.
    Thank you

  49. Hello there! I know this is somewhat off topic but I was
    wondering if you knew where I could find a captcha plugin for my comment form?
    I’m using the same blog platform as yours and I’m having problems finding one?
    Thanks a lot!

  50. My partner and I stumbled over here from a diffdrent weeb address and
    thought I should check things out. I like what I ssee so i am just following you.
    Look forward to looking over your web page yet again.

  52. Good day! I could have sworn I’ve been to this website before but after checking through some of the post I realized
    it’s new to me. Anyways, I’m definitely happy I
    found it and I’ll be book-marking and checking back frequently!

  53. I always used to read article in news papers but now as I am a user of web thus from now I am
    using net for content, thanks to web.

  54. The one downside of this though is that dark chocolate
    is quite bitter without the sugar content,
    and so one variation to this recipe if you do choose to go down this route is that you should also add in two tablespoons
    of a sugar free substitute into the main ingredients
    of the Sugar Free Chocolate Smoothie in order for it to taste good.
    Green smoothies are a healthy raw food option in contrast
    to the processed food items that are filled with harmful chemicals, sodium and other dangerous preservatives.
    9- Thou Shall Take Your Time to Enjoy Thy Blended Drink.

  55. You can observe sudden improvement in your business with
    the increase of visitor’s just because of the SEO Australkia service.
    Companies who have already outsourced to India recommended SEO services India
    ffor their professionalism, quality of the work, language skills, work ethics and
    commitmednt towards delivering work with quality
    and on time. These benefits are easiloy availed after selecting the best Seo
    Company.

  58. Tinnitus is seen a lot more in seniors than adults.
    In addition to their age, the body systems of older
    people (largely their senses) are already vulnerable to degenerating.
    They might already have problems hearing, might have terrible eyesight, or might have
    altered sense of smell and sense of taste.

  60. Fantastic goods from you, man. I’ve understand your
    stuff previous to and you’re just too magnificent.
    I really like what you have acquired here, really like what you’re stating and
    the way in which you say it. You make it entertaining and you still care
    for to keep it smart. I can’t wait to read far more from you.
    This is really a wonderful website.

  61. Please let me know if you’re looking for a article writer for your
    site. You have some really great posts and I feel
    I would be a good asset. If you ever want to take some of the load off,
    I’d love to write some content for your blog in exchange for
    a link back to mine. Please shoot me an e-mail if interested.
    Cheers!

  67. t predict tҺe future οver thе web, Ьut assumptions аre sucҺ tҺat online fashion stores wіll gain aո
    increasing imρortance ԝith time ѡҺere theү promise to make a convenient experience
    fоr tɦе buyers. Ѕome steps can make yօu safer from shopping on internet.
    Ҭhe discus throw іs an everyday component of mοst modern track aոd field meets at all levels аnԀ is a sport
    which is predomіnantly iconic ߋf the Olympic Games.

  68. After I initially commented I seem to have clicked the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on every time a comment is added I recieve 4 emails with the same comment. Perhaps there is a means you are able to remove me from that service? Thanks!

  70. hey there and thank you for your information – I’ve definitely picked up anything
    new from right here. I did however expertise a few technical issues using
    this site, as I experienced to reload the website lots of times previous to I
    could get it to load properly. I had been wondering if your hosting is OK?
    Not that I’m complaining, but sluggish loading
    instances times will sometimes affect your placement in google and could damage your high-quality score
    if advertising and marketing with Adwords. Well I
    am adding this RSS to my e-mail and can look out for a lot more of your respective fascinating content.
    Ensure that you update this again very soon.

  71. vagas Direção de concorrência da Comissão
    de inquérito não pode ser contestada perante Tribunal de apelação
    Nesta breve nota, Mamta Bhargava, Secretário da companhia, decisão de resumos do
    Supremo Tribunal Federal no CCI v. autoridade de aço da Índia [2010] 98 CIA 278 exploração que a
    autoridade da concorrência Comissão da Índia para direcionar a investigação
    sobre práticas comerciais desleais não pode ser contestada perante o Tribunal de apelação da concorrência.
    A suprema corte no caso da Comissão de concorrência
    da Índia v. autoridade de aço da Índia [2010] 98 CIA 278 determinou que
    a autoridade da concorrência Comissão da Índia (‘ICC’) para
    direcionar a investigação sobre práticas comerciais desleais por empresas
    não pode ser contestada no tribunal concorrência de apelação (Tribunal de
    apelação) colocar a cortina sobre uma questão controversa entre o ICC e o Tribunal de
    apelação e estabelece sua respectiva competência
    em matéria de acordos anticoncorrenciais e abuso de posição dominante.
    No caso instantâneo Jindal Steel & poderes Ltd. (‘Jindal’) invocado o disposto na secção 19 ler com
    a subseção (1) da secção 26 do acto de concorrência,
    2002 (‘Act’), pela apresentação de queixa /
    fornecendo informações à Comissão alegando que aço autoridade da Índia Ltd.
    (‘vela’), entre outros, entraram em um acordo de fornecimento exclusivo
    com Indian Railways para fornecimento de trilhos.
    Isto significava que Jindal, que também tinha uma planta de aço para os trilhos, não pode fornecer
    aço para estradas de ferro, apesar de ser um grande fabricante
    de aço. A vela era, assim, alegado para ter abusado da
    sua posição dominante no mercado e outros da concorrência leal privados e, portanto,
    agiu contrariamente sub-seção (4) da seção 3 (anti – competitivas acordos)
    e subseção (1) da secção 4 (abuso de posição dominante) do ato.
    Baseia a denúncia apresentada pela Jindal, o ICC ordenou uma investigação pelo Director-geral de investigação (‘ diretor geral ‘) o
    ‘contrato de fornecimento exclusivo’ entre a vela e a Indian
    Railways sob a subseção (1) da seção 26. Antes do Director-geral pode começar sua investigação,
    a vela apelou para o Tribunal de apelação. Ficar a
    investigação pelo Director-geral, o Tribunal apelante realizado que a apelação é
    dentro de seu direito de subir em recurso e qualquer ordem da ICC poderia ser objecto de recurso perante o Tribunal de apelação.
    ICC questionaram a capacidade de manutenção muito do recurso perante o Tribunal de apelação no chão
    que a ordem sob recurso perante o Tribunal de apelação é
    simpliciter uma direção para conduzir a investigação e não passíveis de recurso na acepção da secção 53A da lei
    uma ordem. O CCI também declarou-se que deve ser ouvido e fez uma festa para
    o recurso. No entanto, o Tribunal de Apelação determinou que não é necessário.
    Isto levou a ICC em recurso contra ordem de Tribunal de apelação perante o Tribunal Supremo.
    Mantendo que o CCI tem autoridade para iniciar
    um inquérito, a Suprema Corte decidiu da seguinte forma por questões que veio acima para sua consideração:
    Direções do CCI • para investigação sob a subseção (1) da seção 26 não podem ser objecto de recurso para o Tribunal de apelação
    sob a seção 53A – cabe recurso perante o Tribunal de apelação apenas contra
    tais direções, decisões ou ordens da ICC, que tem
    sido afirmadas especificamente ao abrigo do disposto na cláusula
    (a) da subseção (1) da seção 53A. As ordens, que não tenham sido especificamente tornadas passíveis de recurso,
    não podem ser tratadas como passíveis de recurso por implicação e emissão de direção da ICC
    para o Director-geral da investigação não pode ser considerado para ser
    uma ordem passíveis de recurso sob a seção 53A.
    • Comissão para ser parte no processo perante o Tribunal de apelação – necessária/adequada em casos onde o inquérito foi iniciado
    por motu de suo o CCI, o CCI será um partido necessário e
    em todos os outros casos, o CCI será uma festa adequada no processo perante o Tribunal de apelação.
    • CCI não precisa ouvir as partes como uma questão de direito –
    nenhum dos deveres legais é convertida em ICC para emitir
    aviso ou conceder audiência, nem qualquer partido pode reclamar, por
    uma questão de direito, aviso e/ou audição na fase de formação de opinião
    pela ICC, em termos da subseção (1) da seção 26, um fumus boni juris
    existe para emissão de uma direção ao Director-geral
    para provocar uma investigação a ser feita no importa.
    • Investigação de CCI para ser concluída em um tempo limite de forma:
    O parecer sobre a existência do fumus boni juris tem que ser formado
    dentro de 60 dias. Embora o período de tempo para a formação de opinião tão tem
    sido especificamente previsto, ainda é esperado da ICC para realizar
    suas reuniões e registrar sua opinião sobre a existência ou não de um
    fumus boni juris dentro de um período muito mais curto do que o prazo.
    • CCI para gravar algum motivo enquanto estiver chegando ao
    fumus vista: em termos da subseção (1) da seção 26 e em consonância com os princípios estabelecidos da jurisprudência administrativa, o
    CCI deverá ter registado pelo menos alguma
    razão mesmo enquanto formando uma vista fumus.

  72. Hey very cool website!! Guy .. Beautiful .. Amazing .. I’ll bookmark your web site and take the feeds also?
    I’m glad to seek out numerous useful information right here within
    the submit, we’d like work out more techniques
    in this regard, thanks for sharing. . . . . .

  73. I am really impressed with your writing skills as
    well as with the layout on your blog. Is this a paid theme or
    did you modify it yourself? Anyway keep up the nice quality writing,
    it’s rare to see a nice blog like this one these days.

  74. You’re in reality a excellent webmaster. The website loading speed is amazing. It kind of feels that you are doing any distinctive trick. In addition, The contents are masterpiece. you have performed a great process in this matter!

  75. Of 355 students surveyed, 13 percent met the official DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual)
    criteria for bulimia. In these studies, the severity of depression was determined by a special test called the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.
    If you are ever asked to consider taking a SSRI antidepressant
    then my strong advice would be to think long and hard
    about it first.

  76. Heya exceptional website! Does running a blog such as this
    take a massive amount work? I have absolutely no knowledge of coding but
    I was hoping to start my own blog soon. Anyhow, if
    you have any suggestions or techniques for
    new blog owners please share. I understand this is off
    subject however I simply wanted to ask. Cheers!

  77. Conceptualized by Nintendo visionary Shigeru Miyamoto, Mario has enjoyed over 30 years of video game superiority,
    with titles such as Donkey Kong, Super Mario 64, and
    Paper Mario and many more ranking among the top must-buy games of generations of gamers.
    SNES ROMs can be downloaded by the person from the internet for enjoyable gaming experience.
    You’ll need to do specific searches on your own favorite internet search engine for
    SNESDS (a word) and you will get the official snes – DS website, which
    you could always download the most recent version of
    the emulator.

  78. Wow, fantastic weblog format! How long have you ever been running a blog for? you made blogging look easy. The whole look of your website is fantastic, let alone the content!

  79. ‘Hello there! Have you heard the talk about – Shoering Fatloss Feast (do a search on google)? Ive heard some decent things about it and my work buddy got cool surplus weight loss results with it.’

  80. ‘Hello! Have you thought about – Shoering Fatloss Feast (do a search on google)? Ive heard some super things about it and my work buddy got great surplus weight loss results with it.’

  83. thanks a lot, this is a bizarre location for any designers to hide that will placing. i got possessing several issues with a new Dreamhost machine u wasn’t guaranteed the reason why turns out they modify showing hidden records automagically, while additional servers my spouse and i get connected to together with Filezilla manage to indicate disguised . files by default. your personal article allowed me to decipher it away, and so i appreciate it.

  84. Pingback: click here for more

Comments are closed.